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Representative source rows, qualified by their reported conditions. Inspect the tables below for all values, limits, and source notes.
ASTM A536 Grade 65-45-12 is the most widely specified and produced ductile iron grade worldwide. It provides an optimal engineering balance of tensile strength (min 65 ksi / 448 MPa), yield strength (min 45 ksi / 310 MPa), and ductility (min 12% elongation) in the as-cast condition. Its microstructure comprises predominantly ferrite with 10% to 25% pearlite surrounding spherical graphite nodules. Standardized for fluid power components, automotive suspension arms, and heavy industrial machinery.
Source-backed commercial trade name and short designations cataloged in canonical data.
Standard Designations & Applicable Specifications — Semantically classified designations distinguishing primary standard identifiers, commercial trade names, and applicable specification references.
| System | Identifier | Standard System Name | Classification Notes & Provenance |
|---|---|---|---|
| ASTMPRIMARY | A536 Grade 65-45-12 | ASTM International | —Ref: Standard Specifications for Gray and Ductile Cast Iron (ASTM A48/A48M, ASTM A536, EN 1561, EN 1563, ISO 185, ISO 1083, SAE J431, SAE J434, ASM Handbook Vol 1) |
| UNS | F33100 | Unified Numbering System | —Ref: Standard Specifications for Gray and Ductile Cast Iron (ASTM A48/A48M, ASTM A536, EN 1561, EN 1563, ISO 185, ISO 1083, SAE J431, SAE J434, ASM Handbook Vol 1) |
| SAE | J434 D4512 | SAE International | —Ref: Standard Specifications for Gray and Ductile Cast Iron (ASTM A48/A48M, ASTM A536, EN 1561, EN 1563, ISO 185, ISO 1083, SAE J431, SAE J434, ASM Handbook Vol 1) |
| Recognized Name / Alias | Classification | Technical Usage & Context |
|---|---|---|
| Ductile Iron 65-45-12 | Commercial Alias | Colloquial or commercial industry synonym |
| Nodular Iron 65-45-12 | Commercial Alias | Colloquial or commercial industry synonym |
| SG Iron 65-45-12 | Colloquial Alias | Colloquial or commercial industry synonym |
| Standards Body | Specification Code | Specification Title / Scope | Relationship Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| ASTM | ASTM A536 | Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Castings | Specification Reference |
| SAE | SAE J434 | Automotive Ductile (Nodular) Iron Castings (Grade D4512) | Specification Reference |
| ISO | ISO 1083 | Spheroidal graphite cast irons — Classification | Specification Reference |
Chemical Composition (Weight %) — Elemental limits and values from the cited source. Preserves exact semantic limits (minimums, maximums, and ranges).
| Element | Symbol | Atomic No. | Semantic Basis | Specified Value | Unit | Metallurgical Notes & Qualification | Data Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon | C | 0 | RANGE | 3.50 – 3.80 | wt% | Ref: ASTM International, CEN, ISO & ASM International Standards Technical Committees | VERIFIED |
| Silicon | Si | 0 | RANGE | 2.20 – 2.80 | wt% | Ref: ASTM International, CEN, ISO & ASM International Standards Technical Committees | VERIFIED |
| Manganese | Mn | 0 | RANGE | 0.20 – 0.50 | wt% | Ref: ASTM International, CEN, ISO & ASM International Standards Technical Committees | VERIFIED |
| Phosphorus | P | 0 | MAXIMUM | ≤ 0.05 | wt% | Ref: ASTM International, CEN, ISO & ASM International Standards Technical Committees | VERIFIED |
| Sulfur | S | 0 | MAXIMUM | ≤ 0.02 | wt% | Ref: ASTM International, CEN, ISO & ASM International Standards Technical Committees | VERIFIED |
| Magnesium | Mg | 0 | RANGE | 0.04 – 0.06 | wt% | Residual magnesium ensures nodularity >85%.Ref: ASTM International, CEN, ISO & ASM International Standards Technical Committees | VERIFIED |
| Iron | Fe | 0 | REMAINDER | Remainder | wt% | Ref: ASTM International, CEN, ISO & ASM International Standards Technical Committees | VERIFIED |
Source-specific physical properties. Test temperatures are shown only where reported.
| Property Parameter | Canonical SI Value | Semantic Basis | Test Temperature / Context Range | Source Raw Reference | Source Reference | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density | 7.1 g/cm³ | TYPICAL | 7.1 g/cm³ | ASTM International, CEN & ISO Technical Committees | VERIFIED |
Phase change temperatures, thermal conductivity, specific heat, mean coefficients of thermal expansion across standardized temperature ranges, and recommended thermal processing windows.
| Property Parameter | Canonical SI Value | Semantic Basis | Test Temperature / Context Range | Source Raw Reference | Source Reference | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thermal Conductivity | 35 W/(m·K) | TYPICAL | 35 W/(m·K) | ASTM International, CEN & ISO Technical Committees | VERIFIED | |
| Specific Heat Capacity | 470 J/(kg·K) | TYPICAL | 470 J/(kg·K) | ASTM International, CEN & ISO Technical Committees | VERIFIED | |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion | 11.8 µm/(m·K) | TYPICAL | 11.8 µm/(m·K) | ASTM International, CEN & ISO Technical Committees | VERIFIED |
Electrical conductivity and resistivity in their reported units and conditions.
| Property Parameter | Canonical SI Value | Semantic Basis | Test Temperature / Context Range | Source Raw Reference | Source Reference | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electrical Resistivity | 560 nΩ·m | TYPICAL | 560 nΩ·m | ASTM International, CEN & ISO Technical Committees | VERIFIED |
Contextual Mechanical Properties & Tempers: Engineering strength, ductility, and hardness values grouped by product form, temper, and section thickness. Mechanical properties are contextual and not isotropic averages.
| Product Form | Temper / Condition | Section Size | Tensile (UTS) | Yield Strength | Elongation | Shear Strength | Fatigue Strength | Hardness (Scales Preserved) | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Separately cast test coupon | As-CastSource values and qualifiersUltimate Tensile Strength: ≥ 448 MPa (MINIMUM)Governing minimum tensile strength per ASTM A536 Grade 65-45-12 (65 ksi = 448 MPa).ASTM International, CEN, ISO & ASM International Standards Technical Committees — ASTM A48, ASTM A536, EN 1561, EN 1563, ISO 185, ISO 1083, SAE J431, SAE J434, ASM Handbook Vol 1 | — | ≥ 448 MPa | — | — | — | — | — | VERIFIED |
| Standard Product Form | As-CastSource values and qualifiers0.2% Offset Yield Strength: ≥ 310 MPa (MINIMUM)Governing minimum 0.2% offset yield strength per ASTM A536 (45 ksi = 310 MPa).ASTM International, CEN, ISO & ASM International Standards Technical Committees — ASTM A48, ASTM A536, EN 1561, EN 1563, ISO 185, ISO 1083, SAE J431, SAE J434, ASM Handbook Vol 1 Elongation at Break (50 mm): ≥ 12 % (MINIMUM)Governing minimum tensile elongation in 2 inches (50 mm) is 12%.ASTM International, CEN, ISO & ASM International Standards Technical Committees — ASTM A48, ASTM A536, EN 1561, EN 1563, ISO 185, ISO 1083, SAE J431, SAE J434, ASM Handbook Vol 1 | — | — | ≥ 310 MPa | ≥ 12 % | — | — | — | VERIFIED |
| Standard Product Form | As-CastSource values and qualifiers | — | — | — | — | — | — | 156–217 HBW | VERIFIED |
Machining, joining, forming, and thermal processing ratings cataloged from the cited authoritative technical reference.
Very good machinability (~80% relative to C36000 baseline). Low cutting forces, good tool life, and smooth surface finishes.
Moderately weldable with qualified procedures. Preheating to 200°C–250°C and nickel-iron (ENiFe-CI) filler wire are required to prevent hard heat-affected zones.
Typically utilized in the as-cast condition. Can be full annealed at 870°C for maximum ductility or normalized at 900°C for increased strength.
Limited localized forming (coining, staking) feasible due to 12% elongation.
Comparable Grades & Cross-References: Carefully classified cross-reference relationships for ASTM A536 Grade 65-45-12 Ductile Cast Iron. Comparable does not mean equivalent.
| Related Material | Family | Relationship Classification | Metallurgical Notes & Differences | Status | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASTM A536 Grade 80-55-06 Ductile Cast Iron | Cast Iron | Commonly Compared | Tradeoff between ductility and strength: 65-45-12 provides double the elongation (12% vs 6%) and superior impact resistance, while 80-55-06 offers 23% higher yield strength (379 vs 310 MPa) and increased wear resistance due to higher pearlite fraction.Materials serve different design priorities (e.g. higher strength vs superior corrosion resistance or cost). | VERIFIED | Side-by-Side Compare → |
| EN-GJS-400-15 Ductile Cast Iron | Cast Iron | Approximate Equivalent | EN-GJS-400-15 (min 400 MPa UTS, 250 MPa YS, 15% elongation) is the nearest European counterpart to ASTM A536 65-45-12 (min 448 MPa UTS, 310 MPa YS, 12% elongation). Both serve general mechanical engineering and pressure vessel roles.Engineering substitution review required. Design calculations must verify temper, formability, and corrosion limits before specifying as a direct replacement. | VERIFIED | Side-by-Side Compare → |
Contextual technical guides explaining degradation mechanisms, testing methodologies, and selection criteria relevant to ASTM A536 Grade 65-45-12 Ductile Cast Iron.
Cast iron is an indispensable alloy family renowned for superior vibration damping and castability, but its iron matrix and carbon microstructure make it susceptible to atmospheric rust. Restoring rusted cast iron requires understanding how mechanical and chemical methods interact with the underlying metal.
Sources & Provenance Trail: Authoritative reference publications, standards specifications, and data registers cited across this material record.
Authoritative foundry data harmonized across ASTM A48, ASTM A536, EN 1561, EN 1563, ISO 185, ISO 1083, SAE J431, SAE J434, and ASM International Handbook Volume 1 (Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys).